Improving trigonelline production in hairy root culture of fenugreek [Trigonella foenum-graecum]

Background: Trigonella foenum-graecum L. commonly known as fenugreek is a rich source of important medicinal metabolite, i.e. trigonelline

Objective: In this study, hairy roots culture as a novel method for trigonelline production was evaluated

Methods: For optimizing the hairy roots culture of Trigonella foenum-graecum, three strains of Agrobacterium rhyzogenes [ATCC15834, MSU440 and K599] via two inoculations methods including scotch and vacuum pump were used to agro-infiltration. Two elicitors including methyl jasmonate [0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 micro M] and chitosan [0, 50, 100, 150 and 200mgl[-1]] were added to liquid medium as abiotic and biotic elicitors in various concentrations, respectively

Results: The trigonelline content was increased via elicitation by methyl jasmonate and chitosan against control condition. The maximum trigonelline [36.7 and 37.3 mM/g D.W] were observed in 100 micro M of methyl jasmonate and 150 mg/l of chitosan, respectively

Conclusion: All parts of the seedling [crown, stem and leaf] were able to produce the hairy roots. Also, the highest dry weight of hairy root was obtained by A. rhizogenes strain 15834. The transformation of fenugreek using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to form hairy root cultures has the potential benefits of fast growth and rates of secondary metabolite production equal to or greater than that found for the intact plant

[One novel PMS2 germline mutation in a patient with hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer]

Hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer [HNPCC] is an autosomal dominant syndrome. The cancer appears between 40 and 50 years of age. Mutation in mismatch repair genes can lead to this cancer .One of the genes which is involved in this disease is PMS2 gene. Here, we present a case with a novel germline mutation in PMS2 gene. The aim of this report was to examine PMS2 gene and identify novel germline mutations in this gene. A 77-year-old male with diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma was referred for genetic testing. He suffered from a polyp with a diameter of 6.8 cm in hepatic flexure. The patient did not meet Amsterdam Criteria and Bethesda Guidelines, but screening for HNPCC was performed on account of pathological findings. Blood sample was used for identification of mutation and the paraffin embedded block was prepared for MSI analysis. One mutation in PMS2 gene was detected by analysis of the amplicon sequencing. The mutation was a transitional mutation in position 676 which led to transformation of guanine to adenine resulting in substitution of glutamic acid for glycine. Immunohistochemistry confirmed abnormal expression of PMS2 gene and MSI assay showed instability of sequenced amplicons in this gene

[Behavioral factors related to musculoskeletal disorders in nurses based on theory of planned behavior]

Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common and costly occupational injuries. Musculoskeletal disorders represent a significant occupational problem among nurses. The aim of current study was to determine behavioral factors related to musculoskeletal disorders among nurses by using the theory of planned behavior. A cross-sectional study was carried out among nurses in hospitals of Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2011. A total number of 264 registered nurses with working experience at least one year, and different shifts were included in the study. A reliable and valid questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior and Nordic was used for data gathering. Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS for windows V. 16 Independent t-test, chi-square, Mann - Whitney and Pearson correlation tests were used for testing the correlations among variables. The study showed that 47. 5% of nurses in the past 12 months and 36. 2% during the past 7 days have suffered from musculoskeletal disorders. The most work-related disorders were in the low back and neck. Also statistically significant difference was found between the mean scores of the constructs of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention in nurses with and without musculoskeletal disorders. Musculoskeletal disorder rate still is high in nurses and attention and action is needed to improve nurses' health. Theory of planned behavior is effective at identifying behavioral and attitudinal factors related to the correct ergonomic principles in the through working position

[Changes of trigonelline biosynthesis under nitrogenous compounds in hairy-root culture of Iranian fenugreek [Trigonella foenum-graecum L.]]

Trigonelline is known as a valuable metabolite of alkaloids group with the therapeutic affects, especially on diabetes. In this study the effect of 3 levels of nitrogen compounds [2x, full, and half] of basic MS media including KNO3 and NH4NO3 were evaluated on trigonelline production in suspension culture for normal and hairy roots. In order to hairy root induction, 2 strains of Agerobacterium rhizogenes [ATCC15834 and K599] via co-cultivation and injection methods were used. After appearing of hairy roots a molecular analysis by PCR and genes primers of rolB and virD was conducted to confirm insertion of T-DNA segments in root genome and that the roots were bacteria-free. Then, the hairy and normal roots for investigations of trigonelline production ability were cultured in suspension MS media and the treatments were arranged in an experimental based on Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications. After 28 days, the trigonelline contain of roots were analyzed by HPLC method. The hairy roots were induced in the parts of plant such as crown, stem and leaf by the both strains of bacteria. The highest amount of trigonelline contain was achieved of the hairy roots cultured in MS2x media and the lowest was achieved in MS1/2N media. [13.98 and 8.74 mM/g dry mater respectively]. the results indicate a main role of nitrogenous compounds [especially NH4[+]] and quick growth of hairy roots in enhancing of trigonelline production